Henningsen-Schomers M R, Garagnani M, Pulvermüller F. 2022 Influence of language on perception and concept formation
in a brain-constrained deep neural network model. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 378: 20210373. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0373.

A neurobiologically constrained model of semantic learning in the human brain was used to simulate the acquisition of concrete and abstract concepts, either with or without verbal labels. Concept acquisition and semantic learning were simulated using Hebbian learning mechanisms. We measured the network’s category learning performance, defined as the extent to which it successfully (i) grouped partly overlapping perceptual instances into a single (abstract or concrete) conceptual representation, while (ii) still distinguishing representations for distinct concepts. Co-presence of linguistic labels with
perceptual instances of a given concept generally improved the network’s learning of categories, with a significantly larger beneficial effect for abstract than concrete concepts. These results offer a neurobiological explanation for causal effects of language structure on concept formation and on perceptuo-motor processing of instances of these concepts: supplying a verbal label during concept acquisition improves the cortical mechanisms by which experiences with objects and actions along with the learning of words lead to the formation of neuronal ensembles for specific concepts and meanings. Furthermore, the present results make a novel prediction, namely, that such ‘Whorfian’ effects should be modulated by the  concreteness / abstractness of the semantic categories being acquired, with language labels supporting the learning of abstract concepts more than that of concrete ones.